Persevere 1.0

November 13th, 2009 – by Kris Zyp

Persevere 1.0 is now available for download. Persevere is a JavaScript storage and application server that uses a standards-based interface of HTTP/REST, JSON-RPC, JSONPath, and REST Channels. Persevere is designed for rich client applications and can be used with any framework or client. The Persevere Server runs on Rhino and provides persistent data storage of dynamic JSON data in an interactive server side JavaScript environment with the following key features:

  • Create, read, update, and delete access to persistent data through a standard JSON HTTP/REST web interface
  • Dynamic object persistence – expando objects, arrays, and JavaScript functions can be stored, for extensive JavaScript persistence support
  • Remote execution of JavaScript methods on the server through JSON-RPC for a consistent client/server language platform
  • Flexible and fast indexed query capability through JSONQuery/JSONPath
  • Comet-based data monitoring capabilities through HTTP Channels with Bayeux transport plugin/negotiation support
  • Data-centric role-based object level security with user management, Persevere is designed to be accessed securely through Ajax with public-facing sites
  • Comprehensive referencing capabilities using JSON referencing, including circular, multiple, lazy, non-lazy, cross-data source, and cross-site referencing for a wide variety of object structures
  • Data integrity and validation through JSON Schema based definitions
  • Class-based data hierarchy – typed objects can have methods, inheritance, class-based querying
  • Pluggable data source architectures – SQL tables, XML files, remote web services can be used as data stores
  • Object versioning with transactional history of record states

Persevere in use

Recently, Cramer Development put together a slick little application for making sticky notes. They discuss how quickly the application came together, as Persevere allowed them to quickly establish a data API, and then focus on the client side interface.

Other users include:

  • DataStream Content Solutions is using Persevere to build an XML repository for legal data in combination with MarkLogic.
  • Montana State University is using Persevere for their Yogo Data Management Project.
  • Another multi-national company is using Persevere in production for Intranet applications, with consistent usage from a number of users.
  • And, of course, we at SitePen are using Persevere for a number of the applications we are developing.

Numerous others are using Persevere in a variety of ways.

Learning more

There are a number of resources for learning more about Persevere and getting started with it.

What’s Next

With Persevere 1.0 finished, we are already working on the next version which will be based on the new Pintura architecture. Pintura is the new JavaScript core for the Persevere HTTP interface that is based on the CommonJS and JSGI API. Pintura will run on any CommonJS/JSGI capable JavaScript engine (support for V8, JSCore, and Spidermonkey coming).

Posted in News, Open Source, Persevere | 6 Comments

Getting Help

November 5th, 2009 – by Torrey Rice

In addition SitePen’s various commercial Dojo support and Dojo workshop options, there are a number of ways to find helpful information on your own. Dojo has a large community of developers and hobbyists all across the globe that are willing to assist with problems and offer guidance. Many tutorials and examples exist and are ready to be found, you just have to look.

Here are some vital community resources available to assist you in your Dojo learning, and some hints to ensure success:

Dojo Search

Search first, ask later. A quick stop at the dojotoolkit.org search page usually turns up lots of commonly encountered problems. The search engine has options to help you target specific resources in the Dojo community, like blogs, forums, or archived mailing lists.

Dojo Forums/Mailing List

If you are unable to find any discussion or book entry already, start a new topic in the integrated Dojo forums/mailing list.

It helps to provide examples contained within code tags, and to politely state your question. If you have tried other methods and failed, mention them as well. The more information you provide in your thoughtful, research questions, the more likely someone is going to quickly be able to assist you with a meaningful response.

You may also sign-up to the Dojo mailing list to subscribe to all posts.

There are several thousand subscribers to dojo-interest, so civility is expected of everyone.

Dijit Skeleton Page

Claro was added to Dojo at version 1.5. If you are using Dojo prior to version 1.5, replace all instances of claro with tundra.

Dijit uses Dojo’s package system to track dependencies via dojo.require. Simply call in the modules you need in a script tag. For instance, to use a dijit.Dialog and dijit.form.Button, you need the following calls:

The dijit.Dialog is a modal dialog box. It takes the node’s content, and displays it front-and-center on the viewport, awaiting user interaction. It can also act as a form element. To explore beyond this guide, visit the dijit.Dialog API Pages, or the reference guide.

From markup

You can specify all the attributes needed to setup your widget directly in markup, the most important being the dojoType. The Dojo parser finds the dojoType attribute, and turns the node into a Dijit with the matching classname. title is a common attribute used by many widgets with headings:



I am the Content inside the dialog.

If parseOnLoad is true, the widgets will be created, then dojo.ready code will be executed. If you want to execute code before widgets are parsed, set parseOnLoad:false, and put your code inside a dojo.ready function as before. Issuing the command dojo.parser.parse(); will create the widgets when you are ready.

If parseOnLoad is true, the parser is loaded automatically. Otherwise, you must issue a dojo.require("dojo.parser"); call to include the required functions. All Dijits use the parser, so it is included automatically.

From JavaScript

The same results can be achieved using valid HTML and JavaScript. Our markup is simple, valid HTML:



I am the Content inside the dialog.

And our script is standard Dojo code. We pass all the attributes as an object into our constructor, and tell it to use the node “sampleNode” for its content. All Dijits (or declared classes) can be created using the JavaScript new function.

dojo.require("dijit.Dialog");
dojo.require("dijit.form.Button");
dojo.ready(function(){
    // make the button
    var theButton = new dijit.form.Button({
		onClick:function(){
		    console.log("clicked");
		}
    },"myButton");

    // make our Dialog
    var theDijit = new dijit.Dialog({
		title:"The First Widget"
    },"sampleNode");
    // make sure its started. parser does this if using markup
    theDijit.startup();
});

When the button is clicked, you should see the word “clicked” in your Firebug (or Firebug Lite) console.

Manipulating The Widget

With our dialog successfully loaded and parsed (no errors were thrown, and the content of the Dialog is hidden), we need to explore some of the ways to manipulate the widgets. The function dijit.byId gives us a reference to our widget. The dijit.Dialog has an id of sampleNode.

To make the button the button control the dialog, modify the button’s onClick attribute to do more than print text:



I am the Content inside the dialog.

If using the programmatic method, modify the lines that create the button:

// make the button
var theButton = new dijit.form.Button({
	onClick:function(){
	    dijit.byId("sampleNode").show();
	}
},"myButton");

The dijit.Dialog inherits from a dijit.layout.ContentPane which provides a few content-handling methods, including setHref. Add a new button outside the dialog with a new onClick function:



I am the Content inside the dialog.

Or programatically by adding another button to our HTML: 



I am the Content inside the dialog.

And an additional new call:

// make the button
var theButton = new dijit.form.Button({
	onClick:function(){
	    dijit.byId("sampleNode").show();
	}
},"myButton");
var theButton = new dijit.form.Button({
	onClick:function(){
		dijit.byId("sampleNode").setHref("sample.txt");
	}
},"otherButton")

Adding an id attribute to the paragraph inside the Dialog is an easy way to demonstrate another useful Dijit tool, dijit.getEnclosingWidget, to find which widget contains a passed domNode:

// show the dialog onLoad, without knowing it's id
dojo.addOnLoad(function(){
	// add

 to the dialog content
	var p = dojo.byId("myPara");
	var theDijit = dijit.getEnclosingWidget(p);
	theDijit.show();
});

Posted in Dojo | 2 Comments

Ajax: Simple Transports

November 3rd, 2009 – by Torrey Rice

This entry is part 7 of 8 in the series Dojo Quick Start Guide

Note: The Dojo Quick Start Guide posts – while still relevant – are a bit dated. Please visit http://dojotoolkit.org/documentation/ for expert tutorials and API documentation to help you get up and running with Dojo.

Ajax is an acronym for “Asynchronous JavaScript and XML”, a technology employed to send and receive data on the fly. It can be used to update sections of a website from any number of remote sources, send data to the server and pass responses back and forth, all without ever refreshing the web page.

Having been versed on some essential Dojo methods already, now we’ll move on the the bread and butter of Ajax: the XMLHttpRequest (or XHR for short).

Dojo has several XHR methods available using common HTTP verbs: POST, GET, PUT, and DELETE. To prepare, we need to create a file with some text to load in when making our HTTP request.

Create a file named sample.txt in your js/ folder with sample text:

I am a remote file.
We used Ajax to put this text
in our page.

And modify the skeleton.html to have some basic markup and style:






    I am some Inner Content.
    I am going to be replaced
The XHR methods use dojo.Deferred behind the scenes to handle callbacks. This is beyond the scope of a QuickStart, but extremely useful in practice. If you would like to learn more about callbacks and the various way to set them up, visit the Robust Promises with Dojo Deferred blog post or the dojo.Deferred API pages.

Getting data

The first stepping stone is dojo.xhrGet, which will return the contents of a GET call on a URL. The XHR methods share a lot of common parameters. Most important are the url: (our destination) and handleAs: (how we handle what is coming back). When the data arrives, it will be passed the the load: function we define:

var init = function(){
	var contentNode = dojo.byId("content");
	dojo.xhrGet({
	    url: "js/sample.txt",
	    handleAs: "text",
	    load: function(data,args){
		// fade out the node we're modifying
		dojo.fadeOut({
		    node: contentNode,
		    onEnd: function(){
			// set the data, fade it back in
			contentNode.innerHTML = data;
			dojo.fadeIn({ node: contentNode }).play();
		    }
		}).play();
	    },
	    // if any error occurs, it goes here:
	    error: function(error,args){
		console.warn("error!",error);
	    }
	});
};
dojo.ready(init);

You will notice we’ve combined techniques above. The content will fade out, be replaced by the received data, and fade back in using methods we’ve learned to this point. It was almost too easy.

A single handle argument can be used instead of load and error, handling both success and failure cases in a common function:

var init = function(){
     dojo.xhrGet({
         url: "js/sample.txt",
         handleAs: "text",
         handle: function(data,args){
     	if(typeof data == "error"){
     	    console.warn("error!");
     	    console.log(args);
     	}else{
     	    // the fade can be plugged in here, too
     	    dojo.byId("content").innerHTML = data;
     	}
         }
     });
};
dojo.ready(init);

XHR has limitations. The big one being that url is not cross-domain. You cannot submit the request outside of the current host (e.g. to url:"http://google.com"). It is a known limitation and a common mistake when getting excited about Ajax. Dojo provides alternatives like dojo.io.iframe and dojo.io.script for more advanced usage.

You also may experience problems with the Ajax samples if you are using Dojo from the local file system, rather than through a web server (use localhost rather than file:///). Browsers place stricter security policies with XHR on the local file system than from web servers. While most of these examples do work from the file system, it is recommended you have a web server accessible to host the Dojo source, and your tests.

A full list of XHR parameters is available at the Dojo XHR API page. We are only going to skim the surface here.

Sending Data

All Dojo XHR methods are bi-directional. The only difference is the method. Using dojo.xhrPost, we use the POST method, embedding the data in the request (as opposed to the query string as with dojo.xhrGet). The data can be set directly as an object passed to the content parameter:

dojo.ready(function(){
     dojo.xhrPost({
         url:"submit.html",
         content: {
     	   "key":"value",
     	   "foo":42,
     	   "bar": {
     	     "baz" :"value"
     	   }
         },
         load: function(data,ioargs){
     	   console.log(data);
         }
     });
});

Or more commonly, conveniently copied and converted from a form element! First, make a simple unobtrusive form in the skeleton.html:

Then, add in some JavaScript to submit the form by using dojo.connect to listen to the onSubmit event, and post the contents of the form to an alternate URL:

// submit the form
var formSubmit = function(e){
	// prevent the form from actually submitting
	e.preventDefault();
	// submit the form in the background
	dojo.xhrPost({
	    url: "alternate-submit.php",
	    form: "mainForm",
	    handleAs: "text",
	    handle: function(data,args){
	        if(typeof data == "error"){
	            console.warn("error!",args);
	        }else{
	            // show our response
	            console.log(data);
	        }
	    }
	});
};
dojo.ready(function(){
	var theForm = dojo.byId("mainForm");
	// another dojo.connect syntax: call a function directly
	dojo.connect(theForm,"onsubmit","formSubmit");
});
Notice e.preventDefault() being used again. The default nature of a form being submitted to to visit a new page, and we want to prevent that from happening.

An example alternate-submit.php would look like:

";
	foreach($_REQUEST as $key => $var){
		print "

  • ".$key." = ".$var."
    • 

";
	}
	print "

";
?>

    Object Data

    Getting text back from the server is nice, but the really great stuff comes when you start passing JavaScript objects around. Using a different handleAs: attribute, we can alter how Dojo handles the response data. Make a new file named simple-object.json to load:

    {
	foo: "bar",
	name: "SitePen",
	aFunction: function(){
		alert("internal function run");
	},
	nested: {
	    sub: "element",
	    another: "subelement"
	}
}

    We’ll target our xhrPost url: at the new file, and use handleAs: "json". This automatically converts the response data into a JSON object we can conveniently use:

    var postData = function(){
	dojo.xhrPost({
	    url: "js/simple-object.json",
	    handleAs: "json",
	    load: function(data,ioargs){
	        // success: set heading, run function
	        dojo.byId("testHeading").innerHTML += " by: "+data.name;
	        if(data.aFunction && data.aFunction()){
	            // we just ran data.aFunction(). should alert() ...
	        }
	    }
	});
};
dojo.ready(postData);
    dojo.xhr exists as a wrapper for each of the method specific calls. If you use dojo.xhr, add another property, method, with the value in uppercase, e.g. GET, PUT, POST, or DELETE.

    This allows us to send literally any kind of data back and forth across the wire, without ever interrupting the user experience.

    Posted in Dojo | 1 Comment

    Some Gloss: Dojo Animations

    November 3rd, 2009 – by Torrey Rice

    This entry is part 6 of 8 in the series Dojo Quick Start Guide

    Note: The Dojo Quick Start Guide posts – while still relevant – are a bit dated. Please visit http://dojotoolkit.org/documentation/ for expert tutorials and API documentation to help you get up and running with Dojo.

    Dojo has a powerful animation system with several pre-made animations for a lot of common use cases. Adding some visual flair to you projects has never been easier, and typically makes the users experience a lot more interesting.

    All animations use a single “magic object” as its only parameter. The most important being the node property, the domNode to apply our animation. Some parameters are optional, and some are for advanced usage. A common setup would look something like:

    dojo.ready(function(){
     var animArgs = {
          node: "testHeading",
          duration: 1000, // ms to run animation
          delay: 250 // ms to stall before playing
     };
     dojo.fadeOut(animArgs).play();
});

    Base Animations:

    Animations included in base dojo.js are: fadeIn, fadeOut, and animateProperty. dojo.animateProperty is very powerful, and is the foundation for most advanced animations, and other animations in Dojo Core.

    dojo.ready(function(){
     dojo.style("testHeading","opacity","0"); // hide it
     var anim1 = dojo.fadeOut({ node: "testHeading", duration:700 });
     var anim2 = dojo.animateProperty({
       node: "testHeading", delay: 1000,
       properties:{
	  // fade back in and make text bigger
	  opacity: { end: 1 }, fontSize: { end:19, unit:"pt"}
       }
     });
     anim1.play();
     anim2.play();
});

    As seen, dojo.animateProperty will fade the element back in via its opacity property, and simultaneously make the text larger. You can animate most any CSS property this way.

    In JavaScript, when modifying multi-word properties such as font-size and border-top, you must use a mixed cased version, as hypens are illegal as keys. Use fontSize and lineHeight, instead of font-size or line-height for example.

    Additional FX

    Base animations provide extensive visual power, in particular animateProperty. To minimize the size of the base dojo.js, many animations and tools are packaged into the dojo.fx module, optionally added in via dojo.require. Adding the module to your code provides several additional animation methods: dojo.fx.combine, dojo.fx.chain, dojo.fx.wipeIn, dojo.fx.wipeOut and dojo.fx.slideTo.

    dojo.require("dojo.fx");
dojo.ready(function(){
     // slide the node to 75,75
     dojo.fx.slideTo({
       node:"testHeading",
       top:75, left:75
     }).play(); // and play it
});

    dojo.fx.chain and dojo.fx.combine are very useful, too. They run animations in parallel or in sequence, returning a single instance of dojo._Animation to use:

    dojo.require("dojo.fx");
     dojo.ready(function(){
       var anim = dojo.fadeOut({ node: "testHeading" });
       var anim2 = dojo.fadeIn({ node: "testHeading" });
       dojo.fx.chain([anim,anim2]).play();
});

    Combining an animation to fade in and out wouldn’t make sense, so let’s fade it out and slide the node simultaneously using

    dojo.fx.combine:

    dojo.require("dojo.fx");
     dojo.ready(function(){
       var anim = dojo.fadeOut({ node: "testHeading" });
       var anim2 = dojo.fx.slideTo({ node: "testHeading", top:75, left:75 });
       var result = dojo.fx.combine([anim,anim2]);
       result.play();
});

    Animation Events

    Each dojo.Animation has a series of “events” to tie into for more advanced usage. Going back to the one-stop-event-shop dojo.connect, we can connect to specific actions of the animation, and do other things. The most common are onEnd and beforeBegin:

    dojo.ready(function(){
     var anim = dojo.fadeOut({ node: "testHeading" });
     dojo.connect(anim,"onEnd",function(){
       console.log(" the animation is done ");
     });
     dojo.connect(anim,"beforeBegin",function(){
       console.log(" the animation is about to start ");
     });
     anim.play();
});

    These events are especially helpful when you want to do things like change some content out while a node is hidden and then fade it back in:

    dojo.ready(function(){
     var anim = dojo.fadeOut({ node: "testHeading" });
     dojo.connect(anim,"onEnd",function(){
        dojo.byId("testHeading").innerHTML = "replaced after fade!";
	dojo.fadeIn({ node:"testHeading" }).play();
     });
     anim.play();
});

    Conveniently, you can pass the event functions as properties to the animation. Using dojo.connect to setup the functions gives us a lot more power, and are typically safer for advanced uses, but sometimes it’s easier to wrap it all in:

    dojo.ready(function(){
     var anim = dojo.fadeOut({
	node: "testHeading",
	onEnd: function(){
	   dojo.byId("testHeading").innerHTML = "replaced ... ";
	   dojo.fadeIn({ node: "testHeading" }).play();
        }
     }).play();
});

    The full explanation of events is available at the dojo.Animation API pages.

    Note: older versions of Dojo use dojo._Animation prior to its "promotion" as a stable public API in Dojo 1.4.

    animateProperty

    Probably the most powerful of the base animations, dojo.animateProperty allows us to easily animate multiple CSS properties simultaneously.

    Since animateProperty is a dojo._Animation, it uses the same arguments as other animations. With an additional object, we can define properties to style any property of a node, from start to end. Using a unit attribute is optional.

    Manipulating our header element to use a new font color, size, and overall opacity is as easy as:

    dojo.ready(function(){
     var anim = dojo.animateProperty({
	node:"testHeading",
	duration:700,
	properties: {
	  // javascript css names are camelCase
	  // (not hyphenated)
	  fontSize: { start:12, end:22, unit:"pt" },
	  opacity: { start:1, end:0.5 },
	  color: { start: "#000", end:"#FFE" }
	},
	delay:100 // Note! trailing commas break IE.
     });
     anim.play();
});

    dojo.query Animations

    Dojo provides another convenient module: dojo.NodeList-fx, which adds additional methods to dojo.query for the available dojox.fx animations. To enable these methods, simply add in the required module:

    dojo.require("dojo.NodeList-fx");
     dojo.ready(function(){
       dojo.query("#testHeading").fadeOut().play();
});

    The above gives us the same effect as calling dojo.fadeOut directly, but dojo.query here makes an animation for each of of the NodeList elements, and combines them into a single dojo.Animation. This can be useful when you have groups of like nodes you want to easily affect (in this case, all the nodes with class="fadeNode"):

    dojo.require("dojo.NodeList-fx");
var fadeThem = function(){
     dojo.query(".fadeNode").fadeOut().play();
}
dojo.ready(function(){
     dojo.connect(dojo.byId("testHeading"),"onclick","fadeThem");
});
    Unlike other dojo.query() chains, the NodeList-fx methods return an instance of dojo.Animation, preventing further chaining.

    Posted in Dojo | 1 Comment

    Events

    November 2nd, 2009 – by Torrey Rice

    This entry is part 5 of 8 in the series Dojo Quick Start Guide

    Note: The Dojo Quick Start Guide posts – while still relevant – are a bit dated. Please visit http://dojotoolkit.org/documentation/ for expert tutorials and API documentation to help you get up and running with Dojo.

    The next important concept we are going to cover is interacting with our page. We’ve already set the heading to some alternate text, but what if we wanted to do something more interesting? Perhaps change it to something else when the user clicks on it? dojo.connect is the one-stop solution for all your event needs:

    dojo.ready(function(){
     var node = dojo.byId("testHeading");
     dojo.connect(node,"onclick",function(){
       node.innerHTML = "I've been clicked";
     });
});

    A convenient way to do the above using dojo.query would be:

    dojo.ready(function(){
     dojo.query("#testHeading")
	.style("cursor","pointer")
	.connect("onclick",function(){
	  this.innerHTML = "I've been clicked";
	});
});
    We added another chain .style to our example, to make the cursor a pointer when hovering over the header node. We could have done this with plain CSS, and probably should have, to avoid unnecessary code. This, however, is a convenient way to dynamically alter most any CSS property, and very useful.

    This allows us to make an onclick function on more than one node at a time, though our NodeList only has one element above. We could easily find a big group of elements, and affect them all. For instance, to prevent all links on a page from leaving, utilize the normalized event object dojo.connect passes:

    var disableLinks = function(){
     dojo.query("a").connect("onclick",function(e){
       e.preventDefault(); // stop the event
       console.log('clicked: ',e.target); // the node we clicked on
     });
};
dojo.ready(disableLinks);

    The code e.preventDefault will prevent the event from “doing what it was going to do”. In the example, we preventDefault on the click event, which would have followed the anchor link we connected to. It is common to see the event object written as e or evt when passed as a parameter.

    More about the normalized event object used in Dojo can be found in the Events Quickstart at the Dojo website.

    We can also connect to methods of specific objects, and execute them in the same scope. This is useful as you get into declaring classes in Dijit, or animations. Lets create a really simple object with some methods, and watch them interact:

    var mineObj = {
     aMethod: function(){
	console.log('running A');
     },
     bMethod: function(){
        console.log('running B');
     }
};
var otherObj = {
     cMethod: function(){
        console.log('running C');
     }
};
dojo.ready(function(){
     // run bMethod() whenever aMethod() gets run
     dojo.connect(mineObj,"aMethod",mineObj,"bMethod"); 

     // run an entirely different object's method via a separate connection
     dojo.connect(mineObj,"bMethod",otherObj,"cMethod"); 

     // start chain of events
     mineObj.aMethod();
});

    You should see “running A B C” on separate lines in the console. The full power of dojo.connect can be explored via the dojo.connect API.

    Posted in Dojo | No Comments

    DOM Magic

    November 1st, 2009 – by Torrey Rice

    This entry is part 4 of 8 in the series Dojo Quick Start Guide

    Note: The Dojo Quick Start Guide posts – while still relevant – are a bit dated. Please visit http://dojotoolkit.org/documentation/ for expert tutorials and API documentation to help you get up and running with Dojo.

    A really nice tool Dojo provides is dojo.query. It’s a great way to parse all or portions of the Document Object Model (DOM) and access selections of nodes. It really deserves its own book. Each of the following sections will touch on how to use dojo.query more closely, though realizing its potential is as simple as seeing it used:

    dojo.require("dojo.NodeList-fx");
dojo.ready(function(){
     // our dom is ready, get the node:
     dojo.query("#testHeading")
        .addClass("testClass") // adds class="testClass"
	.fadeOut({ delay:500 }).play(); // and fade it out after 500 ms
});

    Add .testClass CSS definitions to set color:red; and your heading will get that style before fading out:

    .testClass {
     color:#ff0000;
}

    dojo.query returns an instance of a dojo.NodeList, a synthetic super-Array of domNodes. It supports most CSS3 selectors (so you can go really wild with its syntax), and execute code against the whole list of results. To demonstrate this, we’re going to need something more than a single heading, so add some content to our DOM:

    Dojo Skeleton Page
    

     First link
     Second Link    

    First paragraph

    Second paragraph

    Third paragraph

    And use a different query:

    dojo.require("dojo.NodeList-fx");
dojo.ready(function(){
     // get each element with class="para"
     dojo.query(".para")
	.addClass("testClass")
	.fadeOut({ delay: 1000 }).play();
});

    All three elements should turn red, and fade out after a second delay. The full list of things dojo.NodeList does is impressive, some of which we’ll touch on in later sections of this guide.

    Most dojo.query chains have standalone functions to achieve the same goals. For instance: dojo.query(“#testHeading”).addClass(“testClass”); and dojo.addClass(“testHeading”,”testClass”) have identical results.

    Posted in Dojo | No Comments

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